Summary of the Story by V. Woollf “the Legacy” free essay sample

Challenging Leopold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Testing Leopold - Essay Example Ruler Leopold II was Belgian King somewhere in the range of 1865 and 1909. Under Leopold II control, the system got famous for constrained work used to accumulate ivory, palm oil and elastic. It murdered such huge numbers of local people thus, until its wrongdoings were in the end uncovered and broadly detailed by the Congo Reform Association, which had been built up by Edmund Dene Morel, after which King Leopold had to move control to the Belgian government. Edmund Morel found that the exchange Congo depended on slave work while throughout obligation at the Shipping Company where he worked. He understood that most ships landing were weighed down with resources: ivory, elastic and minerals. Nonetheless, the boats withdrawing to Congo mostly conveyed troopers, ammo and different weapons of devastation. There was just a single end from the disparity: slave work was progressing in Congo. Section 1 Henry Morton Stanley was an American writer and a voyager, who was conceived in Wales. He investigated through the Congo River and Basin and immense grounds of the present DRC. He collaborated with asset hungry King Leopold II to set up the Congo Free State. In Europe, adventurers were regarded and treated in amazement. This clarifies why numerous European nations contended to send travelers. The thought processes of British Exploration in Africa were a few. Critically, it was to obtain assets and new market for its item. Also, it was as consequence of political reasons as significant European countries were going after provinces. Significantly, Britain wanted to spread religion, open up the district and stop slave exchange. The objectives of abolitionist subjugation enthusiasm during the 1960s were mostly Arabs working for the most part from East Africa. Dr Livingston was a Scottish conceived wayfarer, well known for his works in Central Africa. His underlying point was to spread Christianity and trade in the locale. While in Africa, he created sickness and was not gott en notification from for quite a while inciting his pursuit. Henry Morton Stanley is celebrated for having found Dr. Livingstone in Africa. This was in the wake of being dispatched by the New York Herald to proceed to look for him. His quest for Dr Livingstone was essential to his future vocation in light of the fact that in the wake of discovering Dr Livingstone, he went before with investigation in the Congo Basin and River, and it his discoveries which provoked him to collaborate with Leopold to set up Congo Free State. Part 2 Leopold was fixated on making Belgium a supreme force, prevailing at what his dad didn't. Edmund Dene Morel account depicts him as a merciless, avaricious yet with an enchanting character. Leopold accepted that one of the way to building an amazing, supreme Belgium was to through provincial development. One of the center reasons why he needed a province was to set up acknowledgment: he felt that he was not genuinely accountable for Belgium due to Parliament . Accordingly, he needed a settlement so as to set up his acknowledgment, and make a benefit to fabricate landmarks. He advanced his inclinations in Africa through production of Congo Free State, which was a secretly held state. The Brussels Geographical Conference occurred in September 1876 in line with Leopold and its motivation was to talk about Europe action in Africa. H welcomed a few specialists and voyagers to the meeting. He utilized this meeting to elastic stamp his enthusiasm for Africa,

Controversy in Americas History

Controversy in Americas History Issues Controversy in Americas History Home›Controversial Posts›Issues Controversy in Americas History Controversial PostsIntroductionThe colonial history of the US dates back from the period that the European settlement was the most significant occurrence in the US. Before the country achieved its independence in 1776, it was previously occupied by major colonizers such as the French, Spanish and the Dutch. The US has over the years transformed from a major colony to being the world superpower and a modern dayColonial AmericaDespite the interested colonialist in the US, political unity is the most significant and outstanding characteristic that America had during the colonial period. American colonies are considered to have been very different from the other world colonies because they represented different groups in political decision making. Uniting such liberal ideologies each independent in context is considered to be one of the greatest challenges in America however, the A mericans perceived themselves as a nation bound together by a common course and despite the ethnic differentiation, America eventually attained its independence in 1776.The Civil War (1861-65) was may be the most momentous incidence in American history. The existence of the United States as one state was at risk, and on the results of the conflict was upon the nations capacity to bring to authenticity the ideals of, equality, liberty justice and     human dignity.As important as the conflict it was the tangled setback of how to recreate the conquered South. Encouraged by 13th, 14th, and 15th reformation of the Constitution, and at last African American nourished anticipation for full equality. Their hopes were to be hastened. By 1877, Southern white conflict and the withdrawal of national supervision led to redemption of the South and African Americans who were disenfranchised. The liberation measures enforced greater ethic division, increased white coercion and violence.Westward ex pansionAmerica’s history has over the years been built on a chronological record of significant events whose effects spill over to the subsequent events. This is considered as one of the approaches in the creation of the concept manifest destiny. Manifest destiny was an ideology developed with an aim of powering America’s life and culture. In other words, “this was the guiding concept that guided America towards its expansion by stating that the right of the manifest destiny was to spread and possess the whole continent   which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative development of self-government entrusted to us”(McKay,2002)Becoming a world powerA superpower is considered as a state of dominance in the context of international systems which gives a nation the ability to influence other nations and foster a common ideology. There are various significant characteristics that place America at the helm of the world is becaus e the country is known for its maintenance of constitutional guarantees for the freedom of speech and press.Many citizens came to America to explore religious freedom.   Their anticipation was to run off the religious harassment they were facing in their nations.   However, one thing they never wanted to act was to launch the church like that of Church of England.   The colonists looked for an opportunity to worship freely and have a chance to decide which religion they liked to take part in.   “Upon incoming in United States (the Pilgrims being the first to settle in 1620), the journey started in search of the right religion that could gratify the needs of the citizens” (Singh, 2003).Religious variety had become prevailing part of colonial existence.   The colonies were a mix of religiously diverse nations and, as an outcome, the population of America raised quickly. Citizens from all over the world anticipated for the freedom that was established in America and they started to move their native land to America.   Movements such as the Scotch-Irish were among the first to commence that migration to America.   “As a result, religious harassment was starting to weaken and religious freedom began to restore it” (Madalas SoRelle, 2004).Religion also became prevailing part of American political beliefs.   The Cambridge Platform was formed in the 1640s.   This article was a part of the Puritan religion and approved the Westminster Confession.   Afterward, in 1649, the Act Concerning Theology was endorsed.   This act has even been measured one of the most additions to the freedom of creed in America.   Later political article included the Massachusetts Proposals and the Approving Act of 1729.   “The Bill of Rights advanced the religious freedom with the First revision” (Mathisen, 2006).Eventually, the idea of the state and the church became a topic of discussion.   Clifton Olmstead on the Constitution in 1777 says that there were numerous movements of p eople who opposed division.   Some even had contemplation that it would have no consequence on the development of religion in the United States.Overall, religion was an imperative characteristic in the emigration of America.   It became a leading part of the lives of the colonists and constantly grew over the years.   Incidences like the Witchcraft Trials during 1690s and the immense awakening in 1730s only heightened the power of religion in America. United States had become a haven for those who anticipated religious freedom and became a refuge to the many individuals that had the opportunity to improve their lives.The cold warThe cold war era was primarily a battle for supremacy among the communist world particularly the soviet and the west mainly the US. There is no stronger or more persistent strain in the American character than the belief that the United States is a nation uniquely endowed with virtue. This was perhaps the guiding factor of the American people during the cold war. Prior to the cold war, there were occurrences such as the anti-Semitism which mainly concentrated on the expulsion of the Jews form America. Despite the fact that this discrimination with respect to race has never been entirely eliminated, the American people have embraced peace and tranquility to nurture the growth of the nation for a common course. There is also the issue of discrimination with respect to gender. Historically women have always been regarded as the weaker sex.Womens rights movement in America covers decades of 1848 to 1920 in the timeline, which consists of the popular womens rights meetings in Falls Seneca, the establishment of the nationwide United States woman suffrage organization, and the approval of the nineteenth revision to the Constitution, gave women the power to make choice. (Halch Walloran, 1993)In 1848 conference had confronted America to social rebellion that would handle every aspect of existence. Early womens rights officials believed suffrag e to be the main effective way to reform an unequal system.Post 9/11This is the period after the September 11 attacks on the US which greatly impacted on the economic, social and cultural orientation of the US. There is a negative tag on America with respect to the post 9/11 era. There seemed to be increased discriminatory acts by both the government and the people. Anyone who looks Arab in the country is treated with suspicion a situation that has put the country on a rather interesting position with respect to its views on discrimination. However, we should not judge the country and the people as the country aims at protecting its people and ensure the safety of the same.

Beowulf vs Grendel Essay - 713 Words

The roles that Beowulf and Grendel played in the story were very easily deciphered. Beowulf being pure good, and Grendel being pure evil. One of the reasons of why the book â€Å"Beowulf† is so well known is because of the fact that it is one of the first stories of good vs. evil, or light vs. dark. In modern good and evil stories, there are super heroes with super powers. They use these powers for the good of the world and to help innocent people. In most cases there is a villain that oppose these super hero’s. They usually have powers as well but they use it for evil and wrongdoing. They usually face off and most of the time, the super hero wins over the villain. But none of these stories would have been here†¦show more content†¦He has been chosen to protect the world from evil. When this story was made, the author intended for it to be clear that Beowulf is supposed to be the hero of the story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Grendel was the character that played the â€Å"villain† in the book. He killed innocent people for only the reason of that they were having a good time, and he wasn’t. He is pure evil and kills countless people for pretty much the fun of it. He was said to be able to pick up thirty men at a time. So no normal human could match his strength. In the book it’s very easy to understand that Grendel is pure evil. He is called â€Å"The Captain of evil†. It doesn’t get anymore obvious then that. Grendel is shown as a monster that cannot be stopped. He’s a powerful force that can run through anyone and everything. But not the Super Hero. He could never match the power of pure good. So when Grendel fought Beowulf, Beowulf tricked him in thinking he was asleep and as soon as Grendel got near him, Beowulf grabbed him. Once Grendel was grabbed by Beowulf, he immediately knew that he was up against a man like non other. He franticly tried to escape and run away. But the power of the hero and the good that ran through his veins was able to rip the arm from the evil beast. Then Grendel ran away and bled to death. It was made very clearly that Grendel was supposed to be the evilShow MoreRelatedThe Characters Of Grendel Vs. Beowulf713 Words   |  3 PagesNoble Grendel In what other book is the monster, the character with more nobility? Both monsters, Grendel and Beowulf, are brave in what they do but being brave is not all it takes to be noble. Grendel is more noble than Beowulf because of the truth he portrays through what he believes in, the perseverance he has when put into a dangerous situation or position, and the fidelity he shows toward his mother. Grendel is very truthful and he sticks to what he says. If he truly believed in a concept thenRead More Grendel Vs. Beowulf Essay928 Words   |  4 Pages Grendel nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the most compelling and highly developed characters in the novel Grendel, written by John Gardner, and the poem Beowulf, written by an anonymous poet, is the monster, Grendel. Even though these pieces show two different sides to Grendel they are similar in many ways. Grendel evokes sympathy toward the hideous monster by making him seem like the victim, while Beowulf portrays him as being the most loathsome of enemies. The reasons behind Grendelamp;#8217;sRead MoreGrendel vs. Beowulf Comparison901 Words   |  4 Pagestranslation of Beowulf and John Gardner’s Grendel. Both novels are based on the idea of Beowulf killing Grendel. However, the two different points of view telling the story create vastly different novels. Beowulf highlights the heroic and positive world in which Beowulf lives. Whereas Grendel elucidates on the miserable life that Grendel is circumscribed to. The consistent variance in tone skews the events in two completely differe nt directions. The tone between Beowulf and Grendel differ in perceptionRead MoreGrendel vs. Beowulf Essay examples969 Words   |  4 PagesGrendel One of the most compelling and highly developed characters in the novel Grendel, written by John Gardner, and the poem Beowulf, written by an anonymous poet, is the monster, Grendel. Even though these pieces show two different sides to Grendel they are similar in many ways. Grendel evokes sympathy toward the hideous monster by making him seem like the victim, while Beowulf portrays him as being the most loathsome of enemies. The reasons behind Grendel#8217;s being, his killing,Read MoreGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf807 Words   |  3 PagesGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf In the story of Beowulf, there are many different themes found. Many people argue the main theme found in this story. This has been argued for a very long time and will go on for many more years to come. Although many themes in this story stick out and a main theme will never be accepted, one main theme is very noticeable in the story of Beowulf. The main theme found in Beowulf is good versus evil. Good versus evil is very easy to recognize. â€Å"Some peopleRead MoreCompare And Contrast Beowulf And Grendel725 Words   |  3 PagesRogalcheck Honors English 3 10/29/17 Grendel Point of View Essay Both the epic poem Beowulf and the novel Grendel depict the same storyline, but from different point of views. Grendel’s personality tends to be much more evil than he himself depicts in the novel. Since Grendel is the narrator of the novel, the audience only gets to know what the story is like from his point of view, which he stretches the truth on numerous occasions. But, in Beowulf, the poem has a narrator and is in the thirdRead MoreGood vs. Evil1659 Words   |  7 Pages Good Vs. Evil In Beowulf, the conflict between good and evil is the poem s main and most important aspect. The poet makes it clear that good and evil doesn’t exist as only opposites, but that both qualities are present in everyone. Beowulf represents the ability to do good or to perform acts selflessly and in help of others. Goodness is also showed throughout this epic as having the ability to cleanse evil. Even though evil is presented by Grendel, Grendel s mother, and the dragon, who are filledRead MoreBeowulf: Themes1038 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf: Themes The Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is the most important work of Old English literature, and is well deserved of the distinction. The epic tells the story of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster Grendel, a descendent of Cain, and of his exploits fighting Grendel s mother and a Dragon. Throughout the epic, the Anglo-Saxon story teller uses many elements to build a certain depth to the characters. Just a few of the important character elementsRead MoreGood vs. Evil in Beowulf1456 Words   |  6 PagesGood vs. Evil in Beowulf Beowulf is longest and greatest early Anglo-Saxon poem which was composed in England sometime in the eighth century AD by a literate scop. This poem was created in the oral poetic tradition. This poem is considered as an epic because it is a long narrative poem which composed in an elevated style, dealing with the glories of hero (Tolkien 24). The setting of this epic is the six century in Denmark and southern Sweden. The protagonist, Beowulf is a noble warrior representsRead MoreA Summary of the Epic of Beowulf Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pages Beowulf is a story that takes place in medieval Europe, the main part of the story is about a knight, Beowulf, who has to fight evil creatures such as a dragon. No one is exactly sure who wrote Beowulf, Paleographers believe that the soul surviving manuscript was copied down in the late tenth century or early eleventh. This early copy of Beowulf is still around today. This single manuscript can be found in the British Library in London. Scholars believe that the story itself was written between

Assignment 302 Principles Of Personal Development In Adult...

Assignment 302 Principles of personal development in adult social care settings Task A Guidance You are going to be a mentor for a new social care worker as part of their induction process. Part of your role is to help them prepare for the review after their probation period. Ai Create a guide for the new social care worker about how to reflect on their practice. The guide must include the headings listed with an explanation of each. a) What is reflective practice? b) Why is reflective practice important? c) How reflective practice contributes to improving the quality of service provision. d) How standards can be used to help a social care worker reflect on their practice. A GUIDE TO REFLECTIVE PRACTICE WHAT IS REFLECTIVE†¦show more content†¦Task B Personal development plan (PDP) Bi Design a template for a personal development plan (PDP) that you could use to improve your learning, development and professional practice. For each heading in the template, provide a brief summary describing what should be included. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN WHAT IS MY CURRENT STATE? What are my Strengths? Strengths 1 2 3 4 5 What are my weaknesses? Weaknesses 1 2 3 4 5 What feedback have I received ?(Good and Bad) Feedback 1 2 3 4 5 What other performance indicators can I note? Performance Indicators 1 2 3 4 5 Conclusion Focus Areas Priorities 1 2 3 4 5 WHAT IS MY DESIRED STATE? What do I hope to achieve/improve Desired state from focus Areas 1 2 3 4 Why do I want to achieve that? Why do I want it? 1 2 3 4 5 What are my short term goals? Short term goals 1 2 3 4 5 What are my medium term goals? Medium term goals 1 2 3 4 5 What are my long term goals? Long term goals 1 2 3 4 5 HOW DO I GET THERE? What must I learn/achieve/experience to get to this state? What is needed? 1 2 3 What resources do I have to enable me to learn/experience/improve? Resources 1 2 3 4 TIMELINE When do I want or need to achieve the desired state? TIMELINES SCHEDULE What is my schedule to work on these? Focus Area #1 Short term goal: Medium term goal: Long term goal: Focus Area #1 Hours per week: Focus Area #2 Short term goal: Medium termShow MoreRelatedHealth and Social Care Diploma 3 302969 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 302 Principles of Personal development in adult social care settings Task A You are going to be a mentor for a new social care worker as part of their induction process. Part of your role is to help them prepare for the review of their probation period. Ai Create a guide for the new social care worker about how to reflect on their practice. 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E-Banking Trend, Status, Challenges and Policy Issues Free Essays

string(68) " and low profitability of SME loans because of the small loan size\." E-banking: Status, Trends, Challenges and Policy Implications 1. Introduction In addition to introduction (section I) and conclusion (section VI), the paper includes four sections. Section II addresses the definition and current situation of e-banking. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Banking: Trend, Status, Challenges and Policy Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, section III addresses the impact of e-banking on banking business. After that, section IV addresses the major application of e-banking. That is also the bottom line whether e-banking can be viable in a country. Section V addresses the new challenges e-banking has brought and policy implications from the perspectives of society, banks, and regulatory authority as well as government. . Status 2. 1. Definition †¢ The Internet includes all related web-enabling technologies and open telecommunication networks ranging from direct dial- up, the public World Wide Web, cable, and virtual private networks. (BIS-EBG, 2003) †¢ Internet banking (e-banking) is defined to include the provision of retail and small value banking products and services through electronic channels as well as large value electronic payments and other wholesale banking services delivered electronically. (BIS-EBG, 2003) 1 2. 2. Fundamental characteristicsComparison between the current round financial innovation (e-banking) and past financial innovations The current innovation (ebanking) Content Delivery channel innovation-deliver banking business via internet. Impact Wider Past financial innovations Products and services, i. e. , delivery, swap Narrow 2. 3. Levels/Scope of e-banking business †¢ †¢ Basic information e-banking/web sites that just disseminate information on banking products and services offered to bank customers and the general public; Simple transactional e-banking /web sites that allow bank customers o submit applications for different services, make queries on their account balances, and submit instructions to the bank, but do no permit any account transfers; †¢ Advanced transactional e-banking/web sites that allow bank customers to electronically transfer funds to/from their accounts pay bills, and conduct other banking transaction online. †¢ Usually, e-banking refers to types II and III. 2. 4. Current development situations (in industrial countries) †¢ E-banking products and services are getting more and more advanced and increasing in variety.From providing information at the early stage to providing transactional activities. 2 †¢ †¢ Both volume and share in the total banking business are getting bigger and bigger very fast (Graph, Europe) E-banking customer base is getting bigger quickly. 2. 5. Status in developing countries Developing countries are in catching up in e-banking: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The average e-banking penetration for developing countries by the end of 1999 was close to 5% (World Bank Survey, 2001). In Brazil, the number of e-banking users reached 8 million in 2000. In Mexico, the number of e-banking users reached 1. 5 million in 2000. In India, over 50 banks are offering online banking services. ICICI Bank’s e-banking is very impressing. E-banking in Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan (China) is thriving. In Ghana and some other African countries, smart cards based on Visa Horizon proximately technologies are getting started. 3. Prospects–Impact of E-banking on traditional banking 3. 1. The early conventional wisdom: †¢ †¢ Internet banking would destroy the traditional banking business model and promote the entry of newcomers from the outside of the banking industry.Developing countries could have the â€Å"opportunities to leapfrog† in the adoption of efinance on a large scale. 3. 2. In reality, e-banking develops fast, but not damaging as conventional wisdom projected. †¢ The notion of leapfrog has not worked in many developing countries due to various impediments. This can be verified by UNCTAD report. â€Å"Some positive signs are 3 already visible, including a high level of acceptance of technology by customers and financial institutions†¦. H(h)owever, most projects have not yet been deployed on a large scale. † (UNCTAD 2002. It provides a comprehensive look at the status of efinance in developing countries.It covers arrange of areas related to e- finance including e-banking, e-payments, e-trades, and e-credit information). †¢ †¢ Even in industrial countries, e-banking is still a complementary tools to traditional banking. Lots of pure e-banking businesses have been forced out of market. Internet-only banks have been substantially less profitable. They generate lower business volumes and any savings generated by lower physical overheads appear to be offset by other types of non-interest expenditures, notably marketing to attract new customers. (De Young 2001). 3. 3. Prevailing vision †¢ The prevailing view today is that Internet banking can only succeed if it is thoroughly integrated within the existing banking infrastructure, which should combine â€Å"click† (e-banking) with â€Å"mortar† (physical branches) due to the importance of public trust in banks, the value of an established brand name, and the desire of customers to do something physically. †¢ According to this view, Internet is regarded simply as another distribution channel as a complement to physical braches, phone banking and ATM networks. The dominance of the so-called â€Å"click and mortar† model can be explained by its success on the ground.Two good examples are Wells Fargo in the US and Nordea in Scandinavia. 3. 4. Case-study–experience from the two most successful cases Two most successful examples: †¢ †¢ Wells Fargo (US), has actually the highest absolute number of online customers, more than 3 million out of its total 24 mill ion customers in 2001. Nordea (Scandinavia), has 2. 3 million online customers, representing over 20% of its total customer base. It has the highest share of online customers. 4 They share the following common elements: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Both are leaders in their traditional markets and thus can capitalize on a sizable customer base.Furthermore, their customer base is technologically sophisticated. California and Scandinavia have extremely high rates of Internet use. Both are technologically advanced and started early in Internet deployment. Wells Fargo started e-banking business as early as in 1989. Both have tightly integrated Internet in their operations and their existing infrastructure. Both have large number of SME customer base. 3. 5. Prospects Bottom line: the ability to mainstream SME and individuals into E-banking. 4. Trend: The major application of e-banking—SME finance E-banking is used more and more for improving access to finance.Financial constraints for SMEs have never been effectively solved and have been thought inevitable. This section will cover the advantages of e-banking on this aspect. 4. 1. Obstacles to SME’s access to finance 4. 1. 1. from banks’ perspective †¢ †¢ †¢ High costs and low profitability of SME loans because of the small loan size. You read "E-Banking: Trend, Status, Challenges and Policy Issues" in category "Papers" High risks of SME loans due to lack of business track record, credit history, and transparent information. Evaluating SME risk is â€Å"too labor- intensive† to be profitable. 5 †¢ Many banks lack strategies and skills to tackle impediments associated with SME finance.In many developing countries, the staff of banks lack necessary skills to appropriately assess credit risks of SMEs 4. 1. 2. from SME’s perspective †¢ Inappropriate products and services, which are rigidly supply-driven instead of demand-driven. Commercial bank products are usually designed to meet the needs of large corporations; few products and service are specifically tailored to the needs of SMEs. SME sector is usually underserved. †¢ †¢ †¢ High interest rates. SMEs usually require much smaller loans than large enterprises. banks, therefore, usually charge high margins to cover the costs. Cumbersome procedures.Over insistence on collaterals and guarantees. SMEs usually have low- level of fixed assets and relatively high- level of working capital. Therefore, when lending to an SME, a bank needs to assess the SME’s economic viability and future cash flows instead of collaterals. However, in many developing countries, banks are still in the very early stage of mastering sound lending policies and good credit practices. Their lending appears to simply rely on collateral rather than cash- flow projections. banks’ lack of capacity of non-collateral credit assessment has caused them unable to provide lending services to SMEs. Inflexible credit criteria—one size fits all. 4. 2. New Technology, New Hope for SME Finance 4. 2. 1. From bank’s side, new technology (e-banking) makes SME finance economically possible (i) lower operational costs of banks †¢ †¢ †¢ Automated process Accelerated credit decisions Lowered minimum loan size to be profitable (ii) potentially lower margins 6 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Lower cost of entry Expanded financing reach Increased transparency (iii) expand reach through self-service Lower transaction cost Make some corporate services economically feasible for SMEs Make anytime access to accounts and loan information possible . 2. 2. From SMEs’ perspective E-banking business makes access to finance from banks attractive. SMEs have benefited from the development of E- finance and gradually stepped out of the informal sector. In particular, E- finance offers the following attractive benefits for SMEs: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Ease of use Lower costs of financing Convenience Time savings Operational efficiency 4. 2. 3. From the government’s perspective New technologies have provided the incentives/benefits for the government to improve SME finance by †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Increasing employment. Contributing to poverty reduction. Contributing to economic development.Reducing the informal sector and cash economy1 . 1 Lack of SME’s access to FIs is one of the major reasons why there are usually big informal economic sector (cash economy) in many developing countries. Improved SME access to formal financial institutions is expected to reduce the informal economic sector. 7 5. Challenges and policy implications 5. 1. Cross-border e-banking activities and its policy implications 5. 1. 1. definition †¢ Definition: Cross-border e-banking is defined as the provision of transactional on- line banking products or service by a bank in one country to residents of another country. BIS, 2003) †¢ †¢ A note on the definition: A bank delivering its e-banking activities via its physical branches/ subsidiaries in a host country does count into cross-border e-banking. A further note: banks can use the new delivery channel (e-banking) reach customers in another country without as much reliance on physical presence and the significant investment that it entails (example). 5. 1. 2. Two scenarios †¢ †¢ The in-out scenario—In-country institutions providing banking services to customers outside the home country.The out- in scenario—institutions based outside the home country providing banking services to parties within the home country. 5. 1. 3. Raised many challenges and questions for banking regulatory authorities (both home and host) †¢ Who should take the supervision responsibility? Borderless nature of e-banking increase the potential for jurisdictional ambiguities with respect to the supervisory responsibilities of different national authorities. Such situations could lead to insufficient supervision of cross-border e-banking activities. †¢ †¢ Does it need to be licensed?Banks that engage in cross-border e-banking may face increased legal risk. Specifically, unless banks conduct adequate due diligence they run the risk of potential non-compliance with different national laws and regulations, including 8 applicable consumer protection laws, record-keeping and reporting requirements, privacy rules, AML rules. †¢ Non-banks may offer with greater facility bank- like services without any type of supervisory approval or oversight due to definitional ambiguities that may exist wit regard to what con stitutes a bank (or banking services). †¢ †¢ †¢ Which country’s law applies to cross-border e-banking activities.Role and responsibilities of the home country banking supervisor and local supervisor. Supervisors need to recognize that the Internet allows for the provision of e-banking services that can span geographic borders and potentially call into question existing jurisdictional authorization requirements and the regulatory processes; †¢ Supervisors need to recognize the implications of taking a restrictive approach toward currently regulated banks without an even-handed treatment of foreign organizations that may conduct identical or nearly identical activities via the Internet in the local jurisdiction. Supervisors should ensure that banks appropriately manage the legal uncertainty during the period while the legal infrastructure for cross-border e-banking remains under construction. 5. 1. 4. Its policy implications †¢ Policy goal: The objective of both the host and home supervisors should be to avoid or minimize legal risks stemming from jurisdictional ambiguities, and to ensure that e-banking activities are adequately supervised with clearly defined supervisory responsibilities. †¢Basic principle: Focus attention on the need for effective home country supervision of cross-border e-banking activities on a consolidated basis as well as continued international cooperation between home and local banking supervisors regarding such activities given the possible absence of a physical banking presence in local jurisdiction. Such as focus is essential to promote safe and sound cross-border e- 9 banking without creating undue regulatory burden or impediments to banks’ use of the internet delivery channel to meet customer needs. Complementary principle : Home supervisors should provide host supervisors with clear information on how they oversee a bank’s e- banking activities on a consolidated level. Host supervisor would generally rely on the home supervisor to effectively carry out its supervisory program. Where there are concerns about the effectiveness of a home supervisor’s oversight program, the host would approach the home supervisor on a bilateral basis. The host supervisor will need to consider what actions may be appropriate to protect local residents and their banking system. Cooperation among national supervisors . Rapid pace of development of e-banking and the associated risks will require supervisory agility, resources and, in the crossborder context, cooperation between home and host supervisors. 5. 2. From the society’s perspective 5. 2. 1. Challenges 1. Theft of personal identity 2. Privacy issues 3. Who take the responsibility in case of fraud 5. 2. 2. Policy implications 1. Essential are efforts to define the privacy framework and to use technology to solve contract enforcement problems. . 3. From bank’s perspectives 5. 3. 1. Risk management challenges †¢ Adaptation to Technology issues: The speed of change relating to technological and customer service innovation in e-banking is unprecedented. This intensifies challenges to the management to ensure that adequate strategic assessment, risk 10 analysis and securities reviews are conducted prior to implementing new e-banking applications. †¢ Outsourcing issue: E-banking increase banks’ ependence on information technology, thereby increasing the technical complexity of many operational and security issues and furthering a trend towards more partnerships, alliances and outsourcing arrangements with third parties, many of whom are unregulated. †¢ †¢ Increased legal and reputational risks E-security issue: The internet is ubiquitous and global by nature. It is an open network accessible from anywhere in the world by unknown parties, with routing of messages through unknown locations and via fast evolving wireless devices.Therefore, it raises significant challenges on security controls, customer authentication techniques, data protection, audit trail procedures, and customer privacy standards.  § While com panies have been keen to embrace the potential offered by these technologies, few understand the inherent vulnerability and risks associated with e- finance. Since 1999, Brazil has seen a 418% increase in electronic security incidents; Korea has seen a 932% increase and Japan has seen over 1000% increase in malicious electronic security incidents (Tom Glaessner et al, 2003).  § Over 57% of all hack attacks in 2002 were initiated against the financial sector (Tom Glaessner et al, 2003). Identity Theft has exploded and incidents are expected to reach almost 2 million per year by 2005 wit a cost of almost US$10 billion. †¢ Outsourcing issue: E-banking increase banks’ dependence on information technology, thereby increasing the technical complexity of many operational and security issues and furthering a trend towards more partnerships, alliances and outsourcing arrangements with third parties, many of whom are unregulated. †¢ Increased legal and reputational risks 11 5. 3. 2. Policy implications/recommendations . Establish a comprehensive security control process. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Authentication of e-banking customers Appropriate measures to ensure segregation of duties Establishment of clear audit trails for e-banking transactions Non-repudiation and accountability for e-banking transactions 2. Centralized-back office to free staff time in sales and services areas and to consolidate process consistently across the organization. 3. Develop automated credit authorization system by developing appropriate credit scoring system and cash- flow scoring system to reduce operating costs, improve asset quality, and increase client profitability.One of the major benefits of credit scoring system is that lenders can make credit decisions without necessarily obtaining financial statement, credit reports, or other time-consuming and hard-to-get information. In particular, the financial statements of SMEs are often not complete and difficult to get. Banks can more closely align their specific credit policies and marketing strategies with the analytics, making the decision process more costefficient. (I. e. , Fair, Isaac has developed a credit scoring system specialized in SME finance—SBSS 5. (small business scoring services), which has been increasingly used by many banks as their SME credit decision making model. ) 4. Comprehensive due diligence and management oversight process for outsourcing relationships and other third-party dependencies. 5. Integrate cross-border e-banking risks into the bank’s overall risk management framework. 6. Legal and reputational risk management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Appropriate disclosures for e-banking services Privacy of customer information Capacity, business continuity and contingency planning to ensure availability of e-banking systems and services Incident response planning.Segregation of duties 12 †¢ Due diligence on risk assessment 5. 4. From the authorities’ perspective (banking supervisor, central bank, related government depts. ) 5. 4. 1. Challenges from e-banking 1. Oversight of outsourcing and partnership arrangements, and the oversight of security and data integrity and controls and safeguards, especially when the supporting operations are located in another jurisdiction . 2.The ability to adopt global technology to the local requirements: A adequate level of infrastructure and human capacity building are required before developing countries can adopt the global technology for their local requirements. 3. The ability to create the necessary level of regulatory and institutional frameworks: The lack of regulatory frameworks, trust, security and privacy standards, high trade barriers, customer and investor protections impede progress in many developing countries to implement e- finance projects. 4. E-security challenges 5. 4. 2.Policy implications/recommendations 1. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Improve system infrastructure environment for e-banking business Strengthen payment system (including RTGS, bulk/low value payment system). Improve the settlement system (e. g. , for credit cards and other forms of electronic transactions). Build-up transaction reporting/reconciliation services. Establish credit information registry and disseminating system. Credit information registries, commonly known as credit bureaus in many countries, can reduce the extent of asymmetric information by making a borrower’s credit history available to 3 potential lenders. Lenders armed with this data can avoid making loans to high risk customers, with poor repayment histories, defaults, or bankruptcies. Once a lender makes a loan, the borrower knows that their performance will be reported to the credit bureau. The information contained in a credit registry becomes part of the borrower’s â€Å"reputation collateral†; late payments or defaults reduce the value of this â€Å"collateral† providing an additional incentive for timely repayment. At the same time, by reducing the information monopoly that banks have over their existing borrowers, How to cite E-Banking: Trend, Status, Challenges and Policy Issues, Papers

Interracial marriages and relationships in Asian American communities in the US

Interracial marriages have become common in the US ever since it was legalized by a Supreme Court decision in 1967. The population of multiracial Americans continues to increase even though they only form less than 5 percent of the entire US population. Issues surrounding interracial marriages have been perceived differently through two main points of view. This includes cultural conservatism and egalitarianism. The views of cultural conservatism are mainly held by the older generation who consider interracial marriages to be socially unacceptable. However, the younger generation leans towards egalitarianism, where interracial marriage is seen as an acceptable phenomenon. Among the Asian American community, many view the issue of interracial relationship and marriage as a natural progression of the community to be integrated into the mainstream American culture. On the contrary, other members of the Asian American communities think otherwise about the phenomenon. They consider interracial marriages and relationships as a way of renouncing the cultural identity of the community. However, the last two decades have witnessed changing trends in interracial marriages and relationships of Asian Americans. This paper seeks to explore the changing trends and explains the reasons behind the changes. The differing views on the issue are best supported by statistical data on the current trend regarding interracial relationship and marriages within the Asian American community in the US. According to data from the Census American Community Survey, there has been a decline in marriages involving White Americans and Asian Americans between the year 2006 and present (Kenally). A different survey conducted by Pew Research Center also reported a decline in interracial marriages among the Asian American community (Kenally). However, the survey indicated that the Asian American community is more likely to marry outside their race than the other races. Despite the tolerance of interracial marriages among young people in the community, more young people still choose to marry from their own. Interracial marriages and relationships among the Asian American communities show the extent in which they have been assimilated into the American society. A growth on interracial marriages suggests an improvement in race relations within the American society. All the minority groups in American have experienced an increase in interracial marriages with members of the White American community since the 70s. However, within the period from the 70s to date, there has also been an increase in marriages with immigrants (Kenally 8). The phenomenon has left no guarantee for further increase in interracial marriages among various minority groups. Immigrants from Asia specifically have expanded the pool of marriage with US-born co-ethnic minorities. It can be argued that the reason for early increase in intermarriages among the Asian American community was because of the lack of marriage partners from their own community. However, increase in the population of immigrants from Asia raised the supply of potential marriage partners. In effect, this also explains the decline in interracial marriages and relationships among Asian American community. Each year, immigrants from Asia and Latin America enter United States legally. Over the past decade, the number of legal Asian and Latin America immigrants has risen to approximately a million (Qian 275). This attributes the changing trends in interracial marriages within the two American communities. There is a general strengthening of racial endogamy as interracial marriages decline. According to Seong-ku (55), there is a significance difference in interracial marriages among Korean women and Korean men. She further says that the difference needs to be explained in a cultural perspective. The author asserts that Korean women have subscribed to an egalitarian mindset when it comes to the issue of marriage and relationships. Most Korean women prefer to intermarry with White Americans (Seong-ku). She further notes that White American men have a general fancy for Asian women as opposed to the white women fancying Asian men. The media has been used to portray a negative image of Asian men. The impact therefore reduces fascinations for Asian men by other races. In addition, most Korean women prefer to marry outside their race because they largely seek for white men. Seong-ku also agrees to the notion that interracial marriages are critical to the process of assimilation within any society. It is an effective way in which two cultures can be merged to create a well-blended society. According to Qian (263), interracial marriages and relationships not only vary by race but also by sex. This supports the findings of Seong-ku, who says that Asian American women out-marry more than their male counterparts. In his article, Qian sought to examine interracial marriages among different communities in America between 1980 and 1990. Using log-linear models, Qian explored both the sex and racial composition of interracial marriages. Within the time frame of 1980 and 1990, Qian managed to find a general increase in the number of interracial marriages within Asian American community (Qian). However, despite the increase, racial endogamy remained strong. Qian establishes that interracial marriages between Asian Americans and White Americans are the most common. Breaking the barriers that prevent interracial marriages is less difficult for Asian men who have attained higher education than for women with higher education. This means that Asian Americans who have attained higher education prefer not to subscribe to segregated racial communities. Another similar study that sought to examine the changing patterns of interracial marriages within the multiracial American society used data from the 1980 census to 2008 census. The study by Qian and Lichter reports a decline in interracial marriages among Asian Americans. Interracial marriages and relationships among US-born Asian women and immigrants, however increased (Qian and Litcher). In a study conducted by Herman and Campbell, majority of white Americans endorse interracial marriages with both the Asian American and black American community. Out of all the respondents interviewed, less than 30 percent think otherwise by rejecting any possibility of out-marrying to other races (Herman and Campbell). However, white Americans do not have any problem with dating from outside their race. Their major concern is bearing children interracially. According to the study by Herman and Campbell, most American white males have a receptive attitude towards females of outside races especially Asians. This concurs with the findings of Qian and Litcher that reports an increase of interracial marriages between white men and Asian women. The general attitude and perception towards interracial marriages and relationships have little to do with actual interracial marriages. Interracial dating among young Asian American cohort has been identified by Herman and Campbell to be most common. However, these relationships never proceed to marriage as the young cohorts always prefer marrying from their own. Interracial dating is perceived by young people to be part of growing up, especially in an environment that embraces diversity. Researchers argue that the major reason for the decline in interracial marriages among the Asian American community is resurgence of traditional culture and language interest. Young Asian Americans are reconnecting back to their roots by gaining interest in their traditional language and culture. They tend to feel that interracial marriages would prevent them from reconnecting with their roots by killing the resurgent interest into their culture (Herman and Campbell). The media also has an influence on the issue of young Asian Americans marrying one of their own. Contrary to the findings of Seong-ku the media has changed its depiction of Asian men from the â€Å"low life† henchmen and houseboys to hunks. There are a lot of Asian men being shown in the media in some impressive ways that make them attractive to Asian American women. This effect, however, can also be argued to increase the attractiveness of Asian men among women from outside races (Seong-ku). Conclusion From the results of the literature materials analyzed in this paper, it is apparent that interracial marriages within Asian American community have decreased mainly due to the resurgence of interest in reconnecting with their roots. A surge in the population of Asian immigrants has further contributed to the decline by increasing the supply of potential marriage partners within the community. Racial boundaries are gradually breaking down. However there are new boundaries forming as a result of the breakdown. One such as boundary is that of nativity among co-ethnics. Even though the decline in racial intermarriages among the Asian American society is still projected to continue, it is not associated with bold racial lines. It is only linked to a possibility of nativity among Asian American community. Works Cited Herman, Melissa R. and Mary E. Campbell. â€Å"I wouldn’t, but you can: Attitudes toward interracial relationships.† Social science research (2012): 343-358. print. Kenally, Jeff. â€Å"Interaccial Marriages.† The Messenger magaine 4 June 2003: 8. print. Qian, Zhenchao and Daniel T. Litcher. â€Å"Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society.† Journal of Marriage and Family (2011): 1065 – 1084. print. Qian, Zhenchao. â€Å"Breaking the racial barriers: Variations in interracial marriage between 1980 and 1990.† Demography (pre-2011) (1997): 263-275. print. Seong-ku, Ha. â€Å"Interracial Marriage and Residential Well Being: Consequences of Interracial Marriage for Korean Women in the US.† Asian Journal of women studies (2002): 55. print. This essay on Interracial marriages and relationships in Asian American communities in the US was written and submitted by user N0rr1nRadd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.